/ TIME: Almanac 1993 / TIME Almanac 1993.iso / time / 091189 / 09118900.013

< prev

next >

MacOS 8.1

Win98

DOS

view JSON data

view as text

+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........|
|00000010| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........|
|00000020| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........|
|00000030| 58 00 ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |X.......|........|
|00000040| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........|
|00000050| 45 44 55 43 41 54 49 4f | 4e 2c 20 50 61 67 65 20 |EDUCATIO|N, Page |
|00000060| 36 38 01 01 54 48 45 20 | 46 55 54 55 52 45 20 4f |68..THE |FUTURE O|
|00000070| 46 20 55 2e 53 2e 20 53 | 43 48 4f 4f 4c 53 01 01 |F U.S. S|CHOOLS..|
|00000080| 41 20 43 72 69 73 69 73 | 20 4c 6f 6f 6d 73 20 49 |A Crisis| Looms I|
|00000090| 6e 20 53 63 69 65 6e 63 | 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 57 |n Scienc|e......W|
|000000a0| 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 61 | 20 64 72 61 73 74 69 63 |ithout a| drastic|
|000000b0| 20 69 6d 70 72 6f 76 65 | 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 | improve|ment in |
|000000c0| 66 75 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 | 61 6e 64 20 74 65 61 63 |funding |and teac|
|000000d0| 68 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 74 | 68 6f 64 73 2c 0d 0a 74 |hing met|hods,..t|
|000000e0| 68 65 20 55 2e 53 2e 20 | 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 6f 6f |he U.S. |will soo|
|000000f0| 6e 20 66 61 6c 6c 20 62 | 65 68 69 6e 64 0d 0a 0d |n fall b|ehind...|
|00000100| 0a 42 79 20 53 75 73 61 | 6d 20 54 69 66 66 74 0d |.By Susa|m Tifft.|
|00000110| 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 | 20 4d 6f 6f 6e 20 6c 61 |.....   | Moon la|
|00000120| 6e 64 69 6e 67 73 2e 20 | 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 |ndings. |The comp|
|00000130| 75 74 65 72 20 63 68 69 | 70 2e 20 47 65 6e 65 74 |uter chi|p. Genet|
|00000140| 69 63 20 65 6e 67 69 6e | 65 65 72 69 6e 67 2e 20 |ic engin|eering. |
|00000150| 54 68 65 0d 0a 61 72 74 | 69 66 69 63 69 61 6c 20 |The..art|ificial |
|00000160| 68 65 61 72 74 2e 20 54 | 68 65 20 61 63 68 69 65 |heart. T|he achie|
|00000170| 76 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 | 6f 66 20 41 6d 65 72 69 |vements |of Ameri|
|00000180| 63 61 6e 20 73 63 69 65 | 6e 74 69 73 74 73 20 61 |can scie|ntists a|
|00000190| 72 65 0d 0a 6b 6e 6f 77 | 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 61 64 |re..know|n and ad|
|000001a0| 6d 69 72 65 64 20 74 68 | 72 6f 75 67 68 6f 75 74 |mired th|roughout|
|000001b0| 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 | 6c 64 2e 20 42 75 74 20 | the wor|ld. But |
|000001c0| 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 | 41 6d 65 72 69 63 61 6e |whether |American|
|000001d0| 0d 0a 73 75 70 72 65 6d | 61 63 79 20 69 6e 20 72 |..suprem|acy in r|
|000001e0| 65 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 | 61 6e 64 20 74 65 63 68 |esearch |and tech|
|000001f0| 6e 6f 6c 6f 67 79 20 77 | 69 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 |nology w|ill cont|
|00000200| 69 6e 75 65 20 69 6e 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 32 31 |inue int|o the 21|
|00000210| 73 74 0d 0a 63 65 6e 74 | 75 72 79 20 69 73 20 66 |st..cent|ury is f|
|00000220| 61 72 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 | 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e 2e |ar from |certain.|
|00000230| 20 54 68 69 72 74 79 2d | 74 77 6f 20 79 65 61 72 | Thirty-|two year|
|00000240| 73 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 | 74 68 65 20 53 6f 76 69 |s after |the Sovi|
|00000250| 65 74 73 0d 0a 6c 61 75 | 6e 63 68 65 64 20 53 70 |ets..lau|nched Sp|
|00000260| 75 74 6e 69 6b 2c 20 73 | 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 6f |utnik, s|etting o|
|00000270| 66 66 20 61 20 66 72 61 | 6e 74 69 63 20 72 61 63 |ff a fra|ntic rac|
|00000280| 65 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f | 64 75 63 65 20 6d 6f 72 |e to pro|duce mor|
|00000290| 65 20 61 6e 64 0d 0a 62 | 65 74 74 65 72 20 55 2e |e and..b|etter U.|
|000002a0| 53 2e 20 70 68 79 73 69 | 63 69 73 74 73 2c 20 63 |S. physi|cists, c|
|000002b0| 68 65 6d 69 73 74 73 2c | 20 6d 61 74 68 65 6d 61 |hemists,| mathema|
|000002c0| 74 69 63 69 61 6e 73 2c | 20 61 65 72 6f 6e 61 75 |ticians,| aeronau|
|000002d0| 74 69 63 61 6c 0d 0a 65 | 6e 67 69 6e 65 65 72 73 |tical..e|ngineers|
|000002e0| 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 65 64 | 69 63 61 6c 20 72 65 73 | and med|ical res|
|000002f0| 65 61 72 63 68 65 72 73 | 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 |earchers|, the sc|
|00000300| 69 65 6e 74 69 66 69 63 | 20 70 69 70 65 6c 69 6e |ientific| pipelin|
|00000310| 65 20 69 73 0d 0a 64 72 | 79 69 6e 67 20 75 70 2e |e is..dr|ying up.|
|00000320| 20 54 68 65 20 72 65 61 | 73 6f 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 | The rea|son for |
|00000330| 74 68 69 73 20 63 72 69 | 73 69 73 3a 20 41 6d 65 |this cri|sis: Ame|
|00000340| 72 69 63 61 6e 20 73 63 | 69 65 6e 63 65 0d 0a 65 |rican sc|ience..e|
|00000350| 64 75 63 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 68 |ducation| is a sh|
|00000360| 61 6d 62 6c 65 73 2e 20 | 49 74 65 6d 73 3a 0d 0a |ambles. |Items:..|
|00000370| 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 49 6e | 20 61 6e 20 45 64 75 63 |..    In| an Educ|
|00000380| 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 | 54 65 73 74 69 6e 67 20 |ational |Testing |
|00000390| 53 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 | 73 74 75 64 79 20 6f 66 |Service |study of|
|000003a0| 20 66 69 76 65 20 63 6f | 75 6e 74 72 69 65 73 0d | five co|untries.|
|000003b0| 0a 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 75 | 72 20 43 61 6e 61 64 69 |.and fou|r Canadi|
|000003c0| 61 6e 20 70 72 6f 76 69 | 6e 63 65 73 2c 20 41 6d |an provi|nces, Am|
|000003d0| 65 72 69 63 61 6e 20 31 | 33 2d 79 65 61 72 2d 6f |erican 1|3-year-o|
|000003e0| 6c 64 73 20 72 61 6e 6b | 65 64 20 6c 61 73 74 0d |lds rank|ed last.|
|000003f0| 0a 69 6e 20 6d 61 74 68 | 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 65 61 |.in math| and nea|
|00000400| 72 6c 79 20 6c 61 73 74 | 20 69 6e 20 73 63 69 65 |rly last| in scie|
|00000410| 6e 63 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a | 20 20 20 20 49 6e 20 61 |nce.....|    In a|
|00000420| 20 73 75 72 76 65 79 20 | 6f 66 20 31 37 20 63 6f | survey |of 17 co|
|00000430| 75 6e 74 72 69 65 73 20 | 70 75 62 6c 69 73 68 65 |untries |publishe|
|00000440| 64 20 6c 61 73 74 20 79 | 65 61 72 20 62 79 20 74 |d last y|ear by t|
|00000450| 68 65 0d 0a 49 6e 74 65 | 72 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 |he..Inte|rnationa|
|00000460| 6c 20 41 73 73 6f 63 69 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 6f |l Associ|ation fo|
|00000470| 72 20 74 68 65 20 45 76 | 61 6c 75 61 74 69 6f 6e |r the Ev|aluation|
|00000480| 20 6f 66 20 45 64 75 63 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 0d | of Educ|ational.|
|00000490| 0a 41 63 68 69 65 76 65 | 6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 55 2e |.Achieve|ment, U.|
|000004a0| 53 2e 20 6e 69 6e 74 68 | 2d 67 72 61 64 65 72 73 |S. ninth|-graders|
|000004b0| 20 74 69 65 64 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 53 69 6e 67 61 | tied wi|th Singa|
|000004c0| 70 6f 72 65 20 61 6e 64 | 0d 0a 54 68 61 69 6c 61 |pore and|..Thaila|
|000004d0| 6e 64 20 66 6f 72 20 31 | 34 74 68 20 70 6c 61 63 |nd for 1|4th plac|
|000004e0| 65 20 69 6e 20 73 63 69 | 65 6e 63 65 2e 0d 0a 0d |e in sci|ence....|
|000004f0| 0a 20 20 20 20 49 6e 20 | 31 39 38 38 20 66 65 77 |.    In |1988 few|
|00000500| 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 | 31 25 20 6f 66 20 63 6f |er than |1% of co|
|00000510| 6c 6c 65 67 65 20 66 72 | 65 73 68 6d 65 6e 20 73 |llege fr|eshmen s|
|00000520| 61 69 64 20 74 68 65 79 | 0d 0a 69 6e 74 65 6e 64 |aid they|..intend|
|00000530| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 | 6a 6f 72 20 69 6e 20 6d |ed to ma|jor in m|
|00000540| 61 74 68 2c 20 63 6f 6d | 70 61 72 65 64 20 77 69 |ath, com|pared wi|
|00000550| 74 68 20 34 25 20 74 77 | 6f 20 64 65 63 61 64 65 |th 4% tw|o decade|
|00000560| 73 20 61 67 6f 2e 0d 0a | 50 68 79 73 69 63 73 20 |s ago...|Physics |
|00000570| 61 6e 64 20 63 68 65 6d | 69 73 74 72 79 20 63 6f |and chem|istry co|
|00000580| 6e 63 65 6e 74 72 61 74 | 6f 72 73 20 66 65 6c 6c |ncentrat|ors fell|
|00000590| 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 33 25 | 20 74 6f 20 31 2e 35 25 | from 3%| to 1.5%|
|000005a0| 3b 20 31 20 6f 75 74 0d | 0a 6f 66 20 33 20 50 68 |; 1 out.|.of 3 Ph|
|000005b0| 2e 44 2e 73 20 61 77 61 | 72 64 65 64 20 69 6e 20 |.D.s awa|rded in |
|000005c0| 74 68 65 20 6e 61 74 75 | 72 61 6c 20 73 63 69 65 |the natu|ral scie|
|000005d0| 6e 63 65 73 20 61 6e 64 | 20 65 6e 67 69 6e 65 65 |nces and| enginee|
|000005e0| 72 69 6e 67 20 6c 61 73 | 74 0d 0a 79 65 61 72 20 |ring las|t..year |
|000005f0| 77 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 | 66 6f 72 65 69 67 6e 65 |went to |foreigne|
|00000600| 72 73 2c 20 63 6f 6d 70 | 61 72 65 64 20 77 69 74 |rs, comp|ared wit|
|00000610| 68 20 31 20 69 6e 20 34 | 20 61 20 64 65 63 61 64 |h 1 in 4| a decad|
|00000620| 65 20 61 67 6f 2e 0d 0a | 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 42 65 |e ago...|..    Be|
|00000630| 79 6f 6e 64 20 74 68 65 | 73 65 20 67 72 69 6d 20 |yond the|se grim |
|00000640| 73 74 61 74 69 73 74 69 | 63 73 20 6c 75 72 6b 73 |statisti|cs lurks|
|00000650| 20 61 20 77 65 62 20 6f | 66 20 65 71 75 61 6c 6c | a web o|f equall|
|00000660| 79 0d 0a 64 69 73 71 75 | 69 65 74 69 6e 67 20 74 |y..disqu|ieting t|
|00000670| 72 65 6e 64 73 3a 20 74 | 68 65 20 69 6d 6d 69 6e |rends: t|he immin|
|00000680| 65 6e 74 20 72 65 74 69 | 72 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f |ent reti|rement o|
|00000690| 66 20 61 67 69 6e 67 20 | 73 63 69 65 6e 74 69 73 |f aging |scientis|
|000006a0| 74 73 2c 0d 0a 61 20 73 | 68 6f 72 74 61 67 65 20 |ts,..a s|hortage |
|000006b0| 6f 66 20 6e 65 77 20 73 | 74 75 64 65 6e 74 73 20 |of new s|tudents |
|000006c0| 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 22 |because |of the "|
|000006d0| 62 61 62 79 20 62 75 73 | 74 2c 22 20 74 68 65 0d |baby bus|t," the.|
|000006e0| 0a 68 6f 6d 65 77 61 72 | 64 20 6d 69 67 72 61 74 |.homewar|d migrat|
|000006f0| 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6d | 61 6e 79 20 55 2e 53 2e |ion of m|any U.S.|
|00000700| 2d 65 64 75 63 61 74 65 | 64 20 66 6f 72 65 69 67 |-educate|d foreig|
|00000710| 6e 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 | 20 74 68 65 0d 0a 62 75 |ners and| the..bu|
|00000720| 72 67 65 6f 6e 69 6e 67 | 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 |rgeoning| numbers|
|00000730| 20 6f 66 20 6d 69 6e 6f | 72 69 74 69 65 73 20 61 | of mino|rities a|
|00000740| 6e 64 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 | 67 65 2d 65 64 75 63 61 |nd colle|ge-educa|
|00000750| 74 65 64 20 77 6f 6d 65 | 6e 20 2d 2d 0d 0a 74 77 |ted wome|n --..tw|
|00000760| 6f 20 67 72 6f 75 70 73 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 68 61 |o groups| that ha|
|00000770| 76 65 20 67 65 6e 65 72 | 61 6c 6c 79 20 73 68 6f |ve gener|ally sho|
|00000780| 77 6e 20 6c 65 73 73 20 | 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 74 |wn less |interest|
|00000790| 20 69 6e 20 73 63 69 65 | 6e 63 65 0d 0a 74 68 61 | in scie|nce..tha|
|000007a0| 6e 20 77 68 69 74 65 20 | 6d 61 6c 65 73 2e 20 54 |n white |males. T|
|000007b0| 68 65 20 72 65 73 75 6c | 74 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 |he resul|t could |
|000007c0| 62 65 20 61 20 63 72 69 | 74 69 63 61 6c 20 73 68 |be a cri|tical sh|
|000007d0| 6f 72 74 66 61 6c 6c 20 | 6f 66 0d 0a 41 6d 65 72 |ortfall |of..Amer|
|000007e0| 69 63 61 6e 20 73 63 69 | 65 6e 74 69 73 74 73 20 |ican sci|entists |
|000007f0| 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 74 68 | 65 6d 61 74 69 63 69 61 |and math|ematicia|
|00000800| 6e 73 20 61 73 20 74 68 | 65 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 20 |ns as th|e world |
|00000810| 62 65 63 6f 6d 65 73 20 | 6d 6f 72 65 0d 0a 72 65 |becomes |more..re|
|00000820| 6c 69 61 6e 74 20 6f 6e | 20 74 65 63 68 6e 6f 6c |liant on| technol|
|00000830| 6f 67 79 2e 20 42 79 20 | 74 68 65 20 79 65 61 72 |ogy. By |the year|
|00000840| 20 32 30 30 30 2c 20 74 | 68 65 20 55 2e 53 2e 20 | 2000, t|he U.S. |
|00000850| 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 | 64 0d 0a 62 65 74 77 65 |will nee|d..betwe|
|00000860| 65 6e 20 34 35 30 2c 30 | 30 30 20 61 6e 64 20 37 |en 450,0|00 and 7|
|00000870| 35 30 2c 30 30 30 20 6d | 6f 72 65 20 63 68 65 6d |50,000 m|ore chem|
|00000880| 69 73 74 73 2c 20 62 69 | 6f 6c 6f 67 69 73 74 73 |ists, bi|ologists|
|00000890| 2c 0d 0a 70 68 79 73 69 | 63 69 73 74 73 20 61 6e |,..physi|cists an|
|000008a0| 64 20 65 6e 67 69 6e 65 | 65 72 73 20 74 68 61 6e |d engine|ers than|
|000008b0| 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 65 | 78 70 65 63 74 65 64 20 | it is e|xpected |
|000008c0| 74 6f 20 70 72 6f 64 75 | 63 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 |to produ|ce..... |
|000008d0| 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 73 | 63 69 65 6e 63 65 20 64 |   The s|cience d|
|000008e0| 65 66 69 63 69 74 20 74 | 68 72 65 61 74 65 6e 73 |eficit t|hreatens|
|000008f0| 20 41 6d 65 72 69 63 61 | 27 73 20 70 72 6f 73 70 | America|'s prosp|
|00000900| 65 72 69 74 79 20 61 6e | 64 0d 0a 70 6f 73 73 69 |erity an|d..possi|
|00000910| 62 6c 79 20 65 76 65 6e | 20 69 74 73 20 6e 61 74 |bly even| its nat|
|00000920| 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 73 65 | 63 75 72 69 74 79 2e 20 |ional se|curity. |
|00000930| 45 63 6f 6e 6f 6d 69 63 | 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 |Economic|ally, th|
|00000940| 65 20 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e | 0d 0a 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 |e nation|..will b|
|00000950| 65 20 75 6e 61 62 6c 65 | 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d 70 |e unable| to comp|
|00000960| 65 74 65 20 77 69 74 68 | 20 72 69 73 69 6e 67 20 |ete with| rising |
|00000970| 74 65 63 68 6e 6f 6c 6f | 67 69 63 61 6c 20 67 69 |technolo|gical gi|
|00000980| 61 6e 74 73 20 6c 69 6b | 65 0d 0a 4a 61 70 61 6e |ants lik|e..Japan|
|00000990| 2c 20 53 6f 75 74 68 20 | 4b 6f 72 65 61 20 61 6e |, South |Korea an|
|000009a0| 64 20 57 65 73 74 20 47 | 65 72 6d 61 6e 79 2e 20 |d West G|ermany. |
|000009b0| 22 41 66 74 65 72 20 74 | 68 65 20 77 61 72 20 61 |"After t|he war a|
|000009c0| 6e 64 20 53 70 75 74 6e | 69 6b 2c 0d 0a 77 65 20 |nd Sputn|ik,..we |
|000009d0| 77 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 70 72 65 2d 65 6d 69 |were the| pre-emi|
|000009e0| 6e 65 6e 74 20 65 63 6f | 6e 6f 6d 69 63 20 70 6f |nent eco|nomic po|
|000009f0| 77 65 72 20 69 6e 20 74 | 68 65 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 |wer in t|he world|
|00000a00| 2c 22 20 73 61 79 73 20 | 4a 6f 68 6e 0d 0a 46 6f |," says |John..Fo|
|00000a10| 77 6c 65 72 2c 20 65 78 | 65 63 75 74 69 76 65 20 |wler, ex|ecutive |
|00000a20| 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |director| of the |
|00000a30| 54 72 69 61 6e 67 6c 65 | 20 43 6f 61 6c 69 74 69 |Triangle| Coaliti|
|00000a40| 6f 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 53 | 63 69 65 6e 63 65 0d 0a |on for S|cience..|
|00000a50| 61 6e 64 20 54 65 63 68 | 6e 6f 6c 6f 67 79 20 45 |and Tech|nology E|
|00000a60| 64 75 63 61 74 69 6f 6e | 2e 20 22 57 65 20 61 72 |ducation|. "We ar|
|00000a70| 65 6e 27 74 20 61 6e 79 | 20 6c 6f 6e 67 65 72 2e |en't any| longer.|
|00000a80| 22 20 54 68 65 20 55 2e | 53 2e 20 6d 61 79 0d 0a |" The U.|S. may..|
|00000a90| 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 65 20 | 69 6e 20 67 72 61 76 65 |also be |in grave|
|00000aa0| 20 64 61 6e 67 65 72 20 | 69 66 20 69 74 73 20 73 | danger |if its s|
|00000ab0| 63 69 65 6e 74 69 73 74 | 73 20 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 |cientist|s cannot|
|00000ac0| 20 6d 61 74 63 68 20 74 | 68 6f 73 65 20 6f 66 0d | match t|hose of.|
|00000ad0| 0a 74 68 65 20 43 6f 6d | 6d 75 6e 69 73 74 20 77 |.the Com|munist w|
|00000ae0| 6f 72 6c 64 20 69 6e 20 | 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 69 |orld in |developi|
|00000af0| 6e 67 20 61 64 76 61 6e | 63 65 64 20 77 65 61 70 |ng advan|ced weap|
|00000b00| 6f 6e 72 79 20 61 6e 64 | 0d 0a 69 6e 74 65 6c 6c |onry and|..intell|
|00000b10| 69 67 65 6e 63 65 2d 20 | 67 61 74 68 65 72 69 6e |igence- |gatherin|
|00000b20| 67 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 | 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 |g device|s.....  |
|00000b30| 20 20 48 6f 77 20 64 69 | 64 20 41 6d 65 72 69 63 |  How di|d Americ|
|00000b40| 61 20 2d 2d 20 62 69 72 | 74 68 70 6c 61 63 65 20 |a -- bir|thplace |
|00000b50| 6f 66 20 54 68 6f 6d 61 | 73 20 45 64 69 73 6f 6e |of Thoma|s Edison|
|00000b60| 2c 20 74 68 65 20 57 72 | 69 67 68 74 0d 0a 62 72 |, the Wr|ight..br|
|00000b70| 6f 74 68 65 72 73 2c 20 | 4a 6f 6e 61 73 20 53 61 |others, |Jonas Sa|
|00000b80| 6c 6b 20 61 6e 64 20 53 | 61 6c 6c 79 20 52 69 64 |lk and S|ally Rid|
|00000b90| 65 20 2d 2d 20 63 6f 6d | 65 20 74 6f 20 73 75 63 |e -- com|e to suc|
|00000ba0| 68 20 61 20 70 61 73 73 | 3f 20 4f 6e 65 0d 0a 72 |h a pass|? One..r|
|00000bb0| 65 61 73 6f 6e 20 69 73 | 20 6c 61 63 6b 20 6f 66 |eason is| lack of|
|00000bc0| 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 | 65 6e 74 20 66 69 6e 61 | consist|ent fina|
|00000bd0| 6e 63 69 61 6c 20 73 75 | 70 70 6f 72 74 20 66 6f |ncial su|pport fo|
|00000be0| 72 20 73 63 69 65 6e 63 | 65 0d 0a 65 64 75 63 61 |r scienc|e..educa|
|00000bf0| 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 41 66 | 74 65 72 20 53 70 75 74 |tion. Af|ter Sput|
|00000c00| 6e 69 6b 2c 20 66 75 6e | 64 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 |nik, fun|ding for|
|00000c10| 20 74 68 65 20 4e 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 53 63 | the Nat|ional Sc|
|00000c20| 69 65 6e 63 65 0d 0a 46 | 6f 75 6e 64 61 74 69 6f |ience..F|oundatio|
|00000c30| 6e 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6c | 65 61 64 69 6e 67 20 66 |n, the l|eading f|
|00000c40| 65 64 65 72 61 6c 20 73 | 70 6f 6e 73 6f 72 20 6f |ederal s|ponsor o|
|00000c50| 66 20 73 63 69 65 6e 74 | 69 66 69 63 20 72 65 73 |f scient|ific res|
|00000c60| 65 61 72 63 68 2c 0d 0a | 73 68 6f 74 20 75 70 20 |earch,..|shot up |
|00000c70| 66 72 6f 6d 20 24 31 38 | 20 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e |from $18| million|
|00000c80| 20 74 6f 20 24 31 33 30 | 20 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e | to $130| million|
|00000c90| 20 69 6e 20 31 39 36 38 | 2e 20 42 79 20 31 39 38 | in 1968|. By 198|
|00000ca0| 32 0d 0a 66 69 6e 61 6e | 63 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 |2..finan|cing for|
|00000cb0| 20 4e 53 46 27 73 20 65 | 64 75 63 61 74 69 6f 6e | NSF's e|ducation|
|00000cc0| 20 64 69 76 69 73 69 6f | 6e 20 68 61 64 20 70 6c | divisio|n had pl|
|00000cd0| 75 6d 6d 65 74 65 64 20 | 74 6f 20 7a 65 72 6f 2c |ummeted |to zero,|
|00000ce0| 0d 0a 61 6e 64 20 43 6f | 6e 67 72 65 73 73 20 68 |..and Co|ngress h|
|00000cf0| 61 64 20 74 6f 20 66 69 | 67 68 74 20 74 6f 20 72 |ad to fi|ght to r|
|00000d00| 65 76 69 76 65 20 69 74 | 20 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 |evive it| over th|
|00000d10| 65 20 70 72 6f 74 65 73 | 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |e protes|ts of th|
|00000d20| 65 0d 0a 52 65 61 67 61 | 6e 20 41 64 6d 69 6e 69 |e..Reaga|n Admini|
|00000d30| 73 74 72 61 74 69 6f 6e | 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 |stration|.....   |
|00000d40| 20 45 76 65 6e 20 6e 6f | 77 2c 20 66 65 64 65 72 | Even no|w, feder|
|00000d50| 61 6c 20 73 75 70 70 6f | 72 74 20 66 6f 72 20 74 |al suppo|rt for t|
|00000d60| 68 65 20 4e 53 46 20 68 | 61 73 20 79 65 74 20 74 |he NSF h|as yet t|
|00000d70| 6f 20 6d 61 74 63 68 20 | 74 68 65 0d 0a 6c 65 76 |o match |the..lev|
|00000d80| 65 6c 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | 65 20 67 6f 2d 67 6f 20 |el of th|e go-go |
|00000d90| 27 36 30 73 20 77 68 65 | 6e 20 6d 65 61 73 75 72 |'60s whe|n measur|
|00000da0| 65 64 20 69 6e 20 63 6f | 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 20 64 |ed in co|nstant d|
|00000db0| 6f 6c 6c 61 72 73 2e 20 | 46 6f 72 0d 0a 66 69 73 |ollars. |For..fis|
|00000dc0| 63 61 6c 20 31 39 39 30 | 20 74 68 65 20 4e 53 46 |cal 1990| the NSF|
|00000dd0| 20 69 73 20 65 78 70 65 | 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 | is expe|cted to |
|00000de0| 67 65 74 20 24 32 31 30 | 20 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e |get $210| million|
|00000df0| 2c 20 6f 66 20 77 68 69 | 63 68 0d 0a 24 31 34 37 |, of whi|ch..$147|
|00000e00| 20 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e | 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 6f | million| will go|
|00000e10| 20 66 6f 72 20 73 63 69 | 65 6e 63 65 20 61 6e 64 | for sci|ence and|
|00000e20| 20 65 6e 67 69 6e 65 65 | 72 69 6e 67 20 65 64 75 | enginee|ring edu|
|00000e30| 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 | 72 6f 6d 0d 0a 6b 69 6e |cation f|rom..kin|
|00000e40| 64 65 72 67 61 72 74 65 | 6e 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 |dergarte|n throug|
|00000e50| 68 20 68 69 67 68 20 73 | 63 68 6f 6f 6c 2e 20 54 |h high s|chool. T|
|00000e60| 68 65 20 61 6d 6f 75 6e | 74 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e |he amoun|t does n|
|00000e70| 6f 74 20 62 65 67 69 6e | 20 74 6f 0d 0a 61 70 70 |ot begin| to..app|
|00000e80| 72 6f 61 63 68 20 74 68 | 65 20 6d 61 67 6e 69 74 |roach th|e magnit|
|00000e90| 75 64 65 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 70 72 6f 62 6c |ude of t|he probl|
|00000ea0| 65 6d 2e 20 22 57 65 20 | 61 72 65 20 64 65 76 6f |em. "We |are devo|
|00000eb0| 74 69 6e 67 20 6c 65 73 | 73 0d 0a 74 68 61 6e 20 |ting les|s..than |
|00000ec0| 68 61 6c 66 20 74 68 65 | 20 72 65 73 6f 75 72 63 |half the| resourc|
|00000ed0| 65 73 20 74 6f 64 61 79 | 20 74 6f 20 70 72 65 63 |es today| to prec|
|00000ee0| 6f 6c 6c 65 67 65 20 65 | 64 75 63 61 74 69 6f 6e |ollege e|ducation|
|00000ef0| 61 6c 20 73 75 70 70 6f | 72 74 0d 0a 74 68 61 74 |al suppo|rt..that|
|00000f00| 20 77 65 20 64 69 64 20 | 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 | we did |at the p|
|00000f10| 6f 73 74 2d 53 70 75 74 | 6e 69 6b 20 70 65 61 6b |ost-Sput|nik peak|
|00000f20| 2c 22 20 73 61 79 73 20 | 42 61 73 73 61 6d 20 53 |," says |Bassam S|
|00000f30| 68 61 6b 68 61 73 68 69 | 72 69 2c 0d 0a 74 68 65 |hakhashi|ri,..the|
|00000f40| 20 4e 53 46 27 73 20 61 | 73 73 69 73 74 61 6e 74 | NSF's a|ssistant|
|00000f50| 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f | 72 20 66 6f 72 20 73 63 | directo|r for sc|
|00000f60| 69 65 6e 63 65 20 65 64 | 75 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e |ience ed|ucation.|
|00000f70| 20 22 59 65 74 20 74 68 | 65 0d 0a 63 72 69 73 69 | "Yet th|e..crisi|
|00000f80| 73 20 69 73 20 66 75 6c | 6c 79 20 61 73 20 67 72 |s is ful|ly as gr|
|00000f90| 65 61 74 2c 20 69 66 20 | 6e 6f 74 20 67 72 65 61 |eat, if |not grea|
|00000fa0| 74 65 72 2e 22 0d 0a 0d | 0a 20 20 20 20 53 6f 6d |ter."...|.    Som|
|00000fb0| 65 20 65 78 70 65 72 74 | 73 20 2d 2d 20 74 68 6f |e expert|s -- tho|
|00000fc0| 75 67 68 20 70 72 6f 62 | 61 62 6c 79 20 61 20 6d |ugh prob|ably a m|
|00000fd0| 69 6e 6f 72 69 74 79 20 | 2d 2d 20 61 72 67 75 65 |inority |-- argue|
|00000fe0| 20 74 68 61 74 0d 0a 66 | 75 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 69 | that..f|unding i|
|00000ff0| 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 74 68 | 65 20 63 72 69 74 69 63 |s not th|e critic|
|00001000| 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 62 6c | 65 6d 2e 20 22 4d 75 63 |al probl|em. "Muc|
|00001010| 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 | 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 0d |h of the| needed.|
|00001020| 0a 69 6e 76 65 73 74 6d | 65 6e 74 20 68 61 73 20 |.investm|ent has |
|00001030| 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79 20 | 62 65 65 6e 20 6d 61 64 |already |been mad|
|00001040| 65 2c 22 20 73 61 79 73 | 20 55 2e 53 2e 20 53 65 |e," says| U.S. Se|
|00001050| 63 72 65 74 61 72 79 20 | 6f 66 20 45 6e 65 72 67 |cretary |of Energ|
|00001060| 79 0d 0a 4a 61 6d 65 73 | 20 44 2e 20 57 61 74 6b |y..James| D. Watk|
|00001070| 69 6e 73 2c 20 6f 6e 65 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |ins, one| of the |
|00001080| 6d 6f 73 74 20 61 63 74 | 69 76 65 20 65 64 75 63 |most act|ive educ|
|00001090| 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 64 | 76 6f 63 61 74 65 73 20 |ation ad|vocates |
|000010a0| 69 6e 0d 0a 74 68 65 20 | 42 75 73 68 20 41 64 6d |in..the |Bush Adm|
|000010b0| 69 6e 69 73 74 72 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 2e 20 22 57 65 |inistrat|ion. "We|
|000010c0| 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 | 65 20 74 65 63 68 6e 6f | have th|e techno|
|000010d0| 6c 6f 67 79 2e 20 57 65 | 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 |logy. We| have th|
|000010e0| 65 0d 0a 74 65 61 63 68 | 65 72 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 |e..teach|ers, and|
|000010f0| 20 77 65 20 68 61 76 65 | 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 67 | we have| the org|
|00001100| 61 6e 69 7a 61 74 69 6f | 6e 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 |anizatio|ns that |
|00001110| 6b 6e 6f 77 20 77 68 61 | 74 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 2e |know wha|t works.|
|00001120| 22 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 | 20 46 69 63 6b 6c 65 20 |"....   | Fickle |
|00001130| 66 75 6e 64 69 6e 67 2c | 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 |funding,| to be s|
|00001140| 75 72 65 2c 20 69 73 20 | 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 |ure, is |only one|
|00001150| 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 20 | 77 68 79 20 55 2e 53 2e | reason |why U.S.|
|00001160| 0d 0a 73 63 69 65 6e 74 | 69 73 74 73 20 61 72 65 |..scient|ists are|
|00001170| 20 62 65 63 6f 6d 69 6e | 67 20 61 20 73 63 61 72 | becomin|g a scar|
|00001180| 63 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f | 64 69 74 79 2e 20 54 65 |ce commo|dity. Te|
|00001190| 6c 65 67 65 6e 69 63 20 | 43 61 72 6c 0d 0a 53 61 |legenic |Carl..Sa|
|000011a0| 67 61 6e 20 61 73 69 64 | 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 69 |gan asid|e, the i|
|000011b0| 6d 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 | 73 63 69 65 6e 74 69 73 |mage of |scientis|
|000011c0| 74 73 20 74 6f 64 61 79 | 20 69 73 20 6c 65 73 73 |ts today| is less|
|000011d0| 20 6c 75 73 74 72 6f 75 | 73 20 74 68 61 6e 0d 0a | lustrou|s than..|
|000011e0| 69 74 20 77 61 73 20 69 | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 27 35 |it was i|n the '5|
|000011f0| 30 73 20 61 6e 64 20 27 | 36 30 73 2c 20 77 68 65 |0s and '|60s, whe|
|00001200| 6e 20 6d 65 6e 20 61 6e | 64 20 77 6f 6d 65 6e 20 |n men an|d women |
|00001210| 69 6e 20 6c 61 62 20 63 | 6f 61 74 73 0d 0a 77 65 |in lab c|oats..we|
|00001220| 72 65 20 73 65 65 6e 20 | 61 73 20 6e 61 74 69 6f |re seen |as natio|
|00001230| 6e 61 6c 20 68 65 72 6f | 65 73 20 68 65 6c 70 69 |nal hero|es helpi|
|00001240| 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 55 | 2e 53 2e 20 62 65 61 74 |ng the U|.S. beat|
|00001250| 20 74 68 65 20 53 6f 76 | 69 65 74 73 0d 0a 74 6f | the Sov|iets..to|
|00001260| 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 6f | 6e 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 | the moo|n. In th|
|00001270| 65 20 6d 6f 6e 65 79 2d | 6d 61 64 2c 20 6d 65 2d |e money-|mad, me-|
|00001280| 66 69 72 73 74 20 27 38 | 30 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 |first '8|0s, the |
|00001290| 63 6f 75 6e 74 72 79 27 | 73 20 62 65 73 74 0d 0a |country'|s best..|
|000012a0| 61 6e 64 20 62 72 69 67 | 68 74 65 73 74 20 61 73 |and brig|htest as|
|000012b0| 70 69 72 65 20 74 6f 20 | 62 65 20 62 61 6e 6b 65 |pire to |be banke|
|000012c0| 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6c | 61 77 79 65 72 73 2c 20 |rs and l|awyers, |
|000012d0| 6e 6f 74 20 63 68 65 6d | 69 73 74 73 20 6f 72 0d |not chem|ists or.|
|000012e0| 0a 72 6f 63 6b 65 74 20 | 64 65 73 69 67 6e 65 72 |.rocket |designer|
|000012f0| 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 | 20 20 45 6c 65 6d 65 6e |s.....  |  Elemen|
|00001300| 74 61 72 79 20 61 6e 64 | 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 61 |tary and| seconda|
|00001310| 72 79 20 73 63 68 6f 6f | 6c 73 20 72 65 66 6c 65 |ry schoo|ls refle|
|00001320| 63 74 20 74 68 65 73 65 | 20 74 72 65 6e 64 73 2e |ct these| trends.|
|00001330| 20 49 6e 0d 0a 69 6e 6e | 65 72 20 63 69 74 69 65 | In..inn|er citie|
|00001340| 73 20 61 6e 64 20 72 75 | 72 61 6c 20 61 72 65 61 |s and ru|ral area|
|00001350| 73 2c 20 64 69 6c 61 70 | 69 64 61 74 65 64 20 6f |s, dilap|idated o|
|00001360| 72 20 6f 75 74 2d 6f 66 | 2d 64 61 74 65 0d 0a 65 |r out-of|-date..e|
|00001370| 71 75 69 70 6d 65 6e 74 | 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 |quipment| is the |
|00001380| 6e 6f 72 6d 2e 20 4c 61 | 73 74 20 79 65 61 72 2c |norm. La|st year,|
|00001390| 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 | 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 63 68 | for exa|mple, ch|
|000013a0| 65 6d 69 73 74 72 79 0d | 0a 73 74 75 64 65 6e 74 |emistry.|.student|
|000013b0| 73 20 69 6e 20 43 68 69 | 63 61 67 6f 27 73 20 44 |s in Chi|cago's D|
|000013c0| 75 53 61 62 6c 65 20 48 | 69 67 68 20 53 63 68 6f |uSable H|igh Scho|
|000013d0| 6f 6c 20 68 61 64 20 74 | 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 64 |ol had t|o make d|
|000013e0| 6f 20 77 69 74 68 0d 0a | 61 20 31 39 36 32 20 70 |o with..|a 1962 p|
|000013f0| 65 72 69 6f 64 69 63 20 | 74 61 62 6c 65 20 74 68 |eriodic |table th|
|00001400| 61 74 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 | 69 6e 65 64 20 6f 6e 6c |at conta|ined onl|
|00001410| 79 20 31 30 33 20 65 6c | 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 2c 20 |y 103 el|ements, |
|00001420| 61 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 | 0d 0a 73 69 78 20 6d 6f |although|..six mo|
|00001430| 72 65 20 68 61 64 20 62 | 65 65 6e 20 64 69 73 63 |re had b|een disc|
|00001440| 6f 76 65 72 65 64 20 69 | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e |overed i|n the in|
|00001450| 74 65 72 76 65 6e 69 6e | 67 20 32 36 20 79 65 61 |tervenin|g 26 yea|
|00001460| 72 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 | 20 20 20 43 61 70 61 62 |rs..... |   Capab|
|00001470| 6c 65 20 73 63 69 65 6e | 63 65 20 74 65 61 63 68 |le scien|ce teach|
|00001480| 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 | 61 6c 73 6f 20 64 69 66 |ers are |also dif|
|00001490| 66 69 63 75 6c 74 20 74 | 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 2c 20 |ficult t|o find, |
|000014a0| 69 6e 0d 0a 70 61 72 74 | 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 |in..part| because|
|000014b0| 20 70 75 62 6c 69 63 20 | 73 63 68 6f 6f 6c 20 73 | public |school s|
|000014c0| 61 6c 61 72 69 65 73 20 | 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 20 6d |alaries |are no m|
|000014d0| 61 74 63 68 20 66 6f 72 | 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 63 |atch for| the inc|
|000014e0| 6f 6d 65 73 0d 0a 74 6f | 20 62 65 20 6d 61 64 65 |omes..to| be made|
|000014f0| 20 61 74 20 4d 6f 6e 73 | 61 6e 74 6f 2c 20 50 72 | at Mons|anto, Pr|
|00001500| 6f 63 74 65 72 20 26 20 | 47 61 6d 62 6c 65 2c 20 |octer & |Gamble, |
|00001510| 61 6e 64 20 45 78 78 6f | 6e 2e 20 41 73 20 61 0d |and Exxo|n. As a.|
|00001520| 0a 72 65 73 75 6c 74 2c | 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6e |.result,| the men|
|00001530| 20 61 6e 64 20 77 6f 6d | 65 6e 20 77 68 6f 20 64 | and wom|en who d|
|00001540| 6f 20 63 68 6f 6f 73 65 | 20 74 68 65 20 63 6c 61 |o choose| the cla|
|00001550| 73 73 72 6f 6f 6d 20 6f | 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 0d |ssroom o|ver the.|
|00001560| 0a 63 6f 72 70 6f 72 61 | 74 65 20 6c 61 62 20 61 |.corpora|te lab a|
|00001570| 72 65 20 6f 66 74 65 6e | 20 70 6f 6f 72 20 72 6f |re often| poor ro|
|00001580| 6c 65 20 6d 6f 64 65 6c | 73 20 66 6f 72 20 70 6f |le model|s for po|
|00001590| 74 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 | 79 6f 75 6e 67 0d 0a 73 |tential |young..s|
|000015a0| 63 69 65 6e 74 69 73 74 | 73 2e 20 41 63 63 6f 72 |cientist|s. Accor|
|000015b0| 64 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 | 74 68 65 20 6c 61 6e 64 |ding to |the land|
|000015c0| 6d 61 72 6b 20 31 39 38 | 33 20 73 74 75 64 79 20 |mark 198|3 study |
|000015d0| 41 20 4e 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 61 74 0d 0a 52 69 73 |A Nation| at..Ris|
|000015e0| 6b 2c 20 68 61 6c 66 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 |k, half |of the c|
|000015f0| 6f 75 6e 74 72 79 27 73 | 20 6e 65 77 6c 79 20 65 |ountry's| newly e|
|00001600| 6d 70 6c 6f 79 65 64 20 | 6d 61 74 68 20 61 6e 64 |mployed |math and|
|00001610| 20 73 63 69 65 6e 63 65 | 0d 0a 74 65 61 63 68 65 | science|..teache|
|00001620| 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 6e | 6f 74 20 71 75 61 6c 69 |rs are n|ot quali|
|00001630| 66 69 65 64 20 74 6f 20 | 74 65 61 63 68 20 74 68 |fied to |teach th|
|00001640| 65 69 72 20 73 75 62 6a | 65 63 74 73 2e 0d 0a 0d |eir subj|ects....|
|00001650| 0a 20 20 20 20 4d 61 6e | 79 20 77 6f 72 72 69 65 |.    Man|y worrie|
|00001660| 64 20 65 64 75 63 61 74 | 6f 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 |d educat|ors and |
|00001670| 62 75 73 69 6e 65 73 73 | 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 |business| executi|
|00001680| 76 65 73 20 68 61 76 65 | 0d 0a 63 6f 6e 63 6c 75 |ves have|..conclu|
|00001690| 64 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 | 20 41 6d 65 72 69 63 61 |ded that| America|
|000016a0| 27 73 20 73 68 72 69 6e | 6b 69 6e 67 20 73 63 69 |'s shrin|king sci|
|000016b0| 65 6e 74 69 66 69 63 20 | 63 61 70 69 74 61 6c 20 |entific |capital |
|000016c0| 69 73 20 74 6f 6f 0d 0a | 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e |is too..|importan|
|000016d0| 74 20 61 20 70 72 6f 62 | 6c 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 62 |t a prob|lem to b|
|000016e0| 65 20 6c 65 66 74 20 74 | 6f 20 73 74 61 74 65 20 |e left t|o state |
|000016f0| 6c 65 67 69 73 6c 61 74 | 75 72 65 73 20 61 6e 64 |legislat|ures and|
|00001700| 20 6c 6f 63 61 6c 0d 0a | 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 74 | local..|communit|
|00001710| 69 65 73 2e 20 22 49 6e | 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 6f 74 |ies. "In| most ot|
|00001720| 68 65 72 20 63 6f 75 6e | 74 72 69 65 73 2c 20 74 |her coun|tries, t|
|00001730| 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 | 20 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 |his is a| nationa|
|00001740| 6c 20 69 73 73 75 65 0d | 0a 61 6e 64 20 64 65 61 |l issue.|.and dea|
|00001750| 6c 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 | 61 74 20 61 20 6e 61 74 |lt with |at a nat|
|00001760| 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 6c 65 | 76 65 6c 2c 22 20 73 61 |ional le|vel," sa|
|00001770| 79 73 20 42 72 79 6e 20 | 4d 61 77 72 20 70 68 79 |ys Bryn |Mawr phy|
|00001780| 73 69 63 73 0d 0a 70 72 | 6f 66 65 73 73 6f 72 20 |sics..pr|ofessor |
|00001790| 50 65 74 65 72 20 42 65 | 63 6b 6d 61 6e 6e 2e 0d |Peter Be|ckmann..|
|000017a0| 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 | 20 54 68 65 20 41 6d 65 |.....   | The Ame|
|000017b0| 72 69 63 61 6e 20 41 73 | 73 6f 63 69 61 74 69 6f |rican As|sociatio|
|000017c0| 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 | 65 20 41 64 76 61 6e 63 |n for th|e Advanc|
|000017d0| 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 | 20 53 63 69 65 6e 63 65 |ement of| Science|
|000017e0| 0d 0a 61 67 72 65 65 73 | 2e 20 49 6e 20 31 39 38 |..agrees|. In 198|
|000017f0| 35 20 69 74 20 6c 61 75 | 6e 63 68 65 64 20 50 72 |5 it lau|nched Pr|
|00001800| 6f 6a 65 63 74 20 32 30 | 36 31 2c 20 6e 61 6d 65 |oject 20|61, name|
|00001810| 64 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 | 65 20 79 65 61 72 0d 0a |d for th|e year..|
|00001820| 74 68 61 74 20 48 61 6c | 6c 65 79 27 73 20 43 6f |that Hal|ley's Co|
|00001830| 6d 65 74 20 77 69 6c 6c | 20 6e 65 78 74 20 63 6f |met will| next co|
|00001840| 6d 65 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 | 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 |me close| to the |
|00001850| 65 61 72 74 68 2c 20 61 | 6e 64 0d 0a 61 73 73 69 |earth, a|nd..assi|
|00001860| 67 6e 65 64 20 69 74 20 | 74 68 65 20 74 61 73 6b |gned it |the task|
|00001870| 20 6f 66 20 64 65 73 69 | 67 6e 69 6e 67 20 6d 6f | of desi|gning mo|
|00001880| 64 65 6c 73 20 66 6f 72 | 20 61 20 6e 61 74 69 6f |dels for| a natio|
|00001890| 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 69 65 | 6e 63 65 0d 0a 63 75 72 |nal scie|nce..cur|
|000018a0| 72 69 63 75 6c 75 6d 2e | 20 57 69 74 68 20 74 68 |riculum.| With th|
|000018b0| 65 20 68 65 6c 70 20 6f | 66 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e |e help o|f workin|
|000018c0| 67 20 73 63 69 65 6e 74 | 69 73 74 73 20 61 6e 64 |g scient|ists and|
|000018d0| 20 31 35 30 0d 0a 74 65 | 61 63 68 65 72 73 2c 20 | 150..te|achers, |
|000018e0| 70 72 69 6e 63 69 70 61 | 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 20 63 |principa|ls and c|
|000018f0| 75 72 72 69 63 75 6c 75 | 6d 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 |urriculu|m specia|
|00001900| 6c 69 73 74 73 20 69 6e | 20 73 69 78 20 6c 6f 63 |lists in| six loc|
|00001910| 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 0d 0a | 61 63 72 6f 73 73 20 74 |ations..|across t|
|00001920| 68 65 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 | 72 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 |he count|ry, the |
|00001930| 41 2e 41 2e 41 2e 53 2e | 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 |A.A.A.S.| and oth|
|00001940| 65 72 20 73 63 69 65 6e | 74 69 66 69 63 0d 0a 6f |er scien|tific..o|
|00001950| 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 73 20 68 6f 70 |rganizat|ions hop|
|00001960| 65 20 74 6f 20 64 65 76 | 65 6c 6f 70 20 61 6e 20 |e to dev|elop an |
|00001970| 61 70 70 72 6f 61 63 68 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 69 |approach| that wi|
|00001980| 6c 6c 20 62 6c 75 72 20 | 74 68 65 0d 0a 62 6f 75 |ll blur |the..bou|
|00001990| 6e 64 61 72 69 65 73 20 | 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 |ndaries |between |
|000019a0| 74 72 61 64 69 74 69 6f | 6e 61 6c 20 73 75 62 6a |traditio|nal subj|
|000019b0| 65 63 74 73 20 73 75 63 | 68 20 61 73 20 67 65 6f |ects suc|h as geo|
|000019c0| 67 72 61 70 68 79 20 61 | 6e 64 0d 0a 6d 61 74 68 |graphy a|nd..math|
|000019d0| 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 | 20 41 20 62 61 73 69 63 |.....   | A basic|
|000019e0| 20 70 72 65 6d 69 73 65 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 | premise| of this|
|000019f0| 20 63 61 6d 70 61 69 67 | 6e 20 69 73 20 74 68 61 | campaig|n is tha|
|00001a00| 74 20 73 63 68 6f 6f 6c | 73 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 0d |t school|s could.|
|00001a10| 0a 74 65 61 63 68 20 73 | 63 69 65 6e 63 65 20 62 |.teach s|cience b|
|00001a20| 65 74 74 65 72 20 69 66 | 20 74 68 65 79 20 65 6d |etter if| they em|
|00001a30| 70 68 61 73 69 7a 65 64 | 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 70 74 |phasized| concept|
|00001a40| 73 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 | 20 74 68 61 6e 0d 0a 72 |s rather| than..r|
|00001a50| 6f 74 65 20 6d 65 6d 6f | 72 79 2e 20 54 6f 64 61 |ote memo|ry. Toda|
|00001a60| 79 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 63 | 68 69 6c 64 72 65 6e 20 |y most c|hildren |
|00001a70| 61 72 65 20 73 75 62 6a | 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f |are subj|ected to|
|00001a80| 20 75 6e 69 6d 61 67 69 | 6e 61 74 69 76 65 2c 0d | unimagi|native,.|
|00001a90| 0a 6d 69 6e 64 2d 6e 75 | 6d 62 69 6e 67 20 61 70 |.mind-nu|mbing ap|
|00001aa0| 70 72 6f 61 63 68 65 73 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 61 |proaches| that ca|
|00001ab0| 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 6d | 20 74 6f 20 64 65 63 69 |use them| to deci|
|00001ac0| 64 65 20 62 79 20 74 68 | 65 20 66 6f 75 72 74 68 |de by th|e fourth|
|00001ad0| 0d 0a 67 72 61 64 65 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 73 63 69 |..grade |that sci|
|00001ae0| 65 6e 63 65 20 69 73 20 | 6e 6f 74 20 66 6f 72 20 |ence is |not for |
|00001af0| 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 22 49 | 74 27 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 |them. "I|t's one |
|00001b00| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 | 61 72 6c 69 65 73 74 0d |of the e|arliest.|
|00001b10| 0a 64 65 63 69 73 69 6f | 6e 73 20 74 68 65 79 20 |.decisio|ns they |
|00001b20| 6d 61 6b 65 20 69 6e 20 | 73 63 68 6f 6f 6c 2c 22 |make in |school,"|
|00001b30| 20 73 61 79 73 20 4d 69 | 63 68 61 65 6c 20 4d 69 | says Mi|chael Mi|
|00001b40| 6e 63 68 2c 20 61 20 63 | 68 65 6d 69 73 74 72 79 |nch, a c|hemistry|
|00001b50| 0d 0a 70 72 6f 66 65 73 | 73 6f 72 20 61 74 20 74 |..profes|sor at t|
|00001b60| 68 65 20 55 6e 69 76 65 | 72 73 69 74 79 20 6f 66 |he Unive|rsity of|
|00001b70| 20 74 68 65 20 50 61 63 | 69 66 69 63 2e 0d 0a 0d | the Pac|ific....|
|00001b80| 0a 20 20 20 20 49 6e 20 | 74 68 65 20 61 62 73 65 |.    In |the abse|
|00001b90| 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 61 | 64 65 71 75 61 74 65 20 |nce of a|dequate |
|00001ba0| 66 65 64 65 72 61 6c 20 | 66 75 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 |federal |funding |
|00001bb0| 6f 72 20 61 20 6e 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 61 6c 0d 0a 63 |or a nat|ional..c|
|00001bc0| 75 72 72 69 63 75 6c 75 | 6d 2c 20 70 72 69 76 61 |urriculu|m, priva|
|00001bd0| 74 65 20 69 6e 64 75 73 | 74 72 79 20 68 61 73 20 |te indus|try has |
|00001be0| 62 65 65 6e 20 77 6f 72 | 6b 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 |been wor|king wit|
|00001bf0| 68 20 65 64 75 63 61 74 | 6f 72 73 0d 0a 61 6e 64 |h educat|ors..and|
|00001c00| 20 73 63 69 65 6e 74 69 | 73 74 73 20 74 6f 20 62 | scienti|sts to b|
|00001c10| 6f 6f 73 74 20 74 68 65 | 20 6c 65 76 65 6c 20 6f |oost the| level o|
|00001c20| 66 20 74 65 61 63 68 69 | 6e 67 2e 20 43 6f 6d 70 |f teachi|ng. Comp|
|00001c30| 61 6e 69 65 73 20 68 61 | 76 65 0d 0a 62 65 63 6f |anies ha|ve..beco|
|00001c40| 6d 65 20 69 6e 63 72 65 | 61 73 69 6e 67 6c 79 20 |me incre|asingly |
|00001c50| 61 6c 61 72 6d 65 64 20 | 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6e |alarmed |at the n|
|00001c60| 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 | 20 77 6f 72 6b 65 72 73 |umber of| workers|
|00001c70| 2c 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6f | 66 0d 0a 74 68 65 6d 20 |, many o|f..them |
|00001c80| 68 69 67 68 20 73 63 68 | 6f 6f 6c 20 67 72 61 64 |high sch|ool grad|
|00001c90| 75 61 74 65 73 2c 20 77 | 68 6f 20 61 72 65 20 75 |uates, w|ho are u|
|00001ca0| 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 65 76 | 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 61 64 |nable ev|en to ad|
|00001cb0| 64 20 6f 72 0d 0a 73 75 | 62 74 72 61 63 74 2e 20 |d or..su|btract. |
|00001cc0| 22 49 20 68 61 76 65 20 | 6b 69 64 73 20 69 6e 20 |"I have |kids in |
|00001cd0| 6e 69 6e 74 68 20 67 72 | 61 64 65 20 77 68 6f 20 |ninth gr|ade who |
|00001ce0| 63 61 6e 27 74 20 72 65 | 61 64 20 61 20 72 75 6c |can't re|ad a rul|
|00001cf0| 65 72 2c 22 0d 0a 73 61 | 79 73 20 52 69 63 6b 20 |er,"..sa|ys Rick |
|00001d00| 49 76 69 6b 2c 20 61 20 | 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 20 61 |Ivik, a |middle a|
|00001d10| 6e 64 20 68 69 67 68 20 | 73 63 68 6f 6f 6c 20 74 |nd high |school t|
|00001d20| 65 61 63 68 65 72 20 69 | 6e 20 4d 63 46 61 72 6c |eacher i|n McFarl|
|00001d30| 61 6e 64 2c 0d 0a 57 69 | 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 |and,..Wi|s.....  |
|00001d40| 20 20 41 63 72 6f 73 73 | 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 75 |  Across| the cou|
|00001d50| 6e 74 72 79 2c 20 70 72 | 69 76 61 74 65 20 62 75 |ntry, pr|ivate bu|
|00001d60| 73 69 6e 65 73 73 65 73 | 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 76 |sinesses| are inv|
|00001d70| 6f 6c 76 65 64 20 69 6e | 20 73 6f 6d 65 0d 0a 31 |olved in| some..1|
|00001d80| 30 30 20 70 72 6f 6a 65 | 63 74 73 20 74 6f 20 69 |00 proje|cts to i|
|00001d90| 6d 70 72 6f 76 65 20 74 | 68 65 20 6c 65 76 65 6c |mprove t|he level|
|00001da0| 20 6f 66 20 73 63 69 65 | 6e 63 65 20 61 6e 64 20 | of scie|nce and |
|00001db0| 6d 61 74 68 0d 0a 69 6e | 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f |math..in|structio|
|00001dc0| 6e 2e 20 49 6e 20 50 65 | 6e 6e 73 79 6c 76 61 6e |n. In Pe|nnsylvan|
|00001dd0| 69 61 2c 20 74 68 65 20 | 50 68 69 6c 61 64 65 6c |ia, the |Philadel|
|00001de0| 70 68 69 61 20 52 65 6e | 61 69 73 73 61 6e 63 65 |phia Ren|aissance|
|00001df0| 20 69 6e 0d 0a 53 63 69 | 65 6e 63 65 20 61 6e 64 | in..Sci|ence and|
|00001e00| 20 4d 61 74 68 65 6d 61 | 74 69 63 73 20 70 72 6f | Mathema|tics pro|
|00001e10| 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 73 75 | 70 70 6f 72 74 65 64 20 |gram, su|pported |
|00001e20| 62 79 20 66 69 72 6d 73 | 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 |by firms| such as|
|00001e30| 20 41 52 43 4f 0d 0a 43 | 68 65 6d 69 63 61 6c 20 | ARCO..C|hemical |
|00001e40| 43 6f 2e 20 61 6e 64 20 | 53 6d 69 74 68 4b 6c 69 |Co. and |SmithKli|
|00001e50| 6e 65 20 42 65 63 6b 6d | 61 6e 20 43 6f 72 70 2e |ne Beckm|an Corp.|
|00001e60| 2c 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 | 65 73 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 |, provid|es eleme|
|00001e70| 6e 74 61 72 79 0d 0a 73 | 63 68 6f 6f 6c 20 74 65 |ntary..s|chool te|
|00001e80| 61 63 68 65 72 73 20 77 | 69 74 68 20 70 72 65 70 |achers w|ith prep|
|00001e90| 61 63 6b 61 67 65 64 20 | 73 63 69 65 6e 63 65 20 |ackaged |science |
|00001ea0| 6b 69 74 73 20 2d 2d 20 | 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 62 61 |kits -- |small ba|
|00001eb0| 67 73 20 6f 66 0d 0a 66 | 61 6d 69 6c 69 61 72 20 |gs of..f|amiliar |
|00001ec0| 69 74 65 6d 73 2c 20 6c | 69 6b 65 20 61 20 66 6c |items, l|ike a fl|
|00001ed0| 61 73 68 6c 69 67 68 74 | 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 62 |ashlight| and a b|
|00001ee0| 61 6c 6c 20 2d 2d 20 74 | 6f 20 64 65 6d 6f 6e 73 |all -- t|o demons|
|00001ef0| 74 72 61 74 65 0d 0a 68 | 65 61 74 2c 20 67 72 61 |trate..h|eat, gra|
|00001f00| 76 69 74 79 20 61 6e 64 | 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 |vity and| other c|
|00001f10| 6f 6e 63 65 70 74 73 2e | 20 53 75 63 68 20 68 61 |oncepts.| Such ha|
|00001f20| 6e 64 73 2d 6f 6e 20 65 | 78 70 65 72 69 65 6e 63 |nds-on e|xperienc|
|00001f30| 65 73 20 77 68 65 74 0d | 0a 79 6f 75 6e 67 73 74 |es whet.|.youngst|
|00001f40| 65 72 73 27 20 61 70 70 | 65 74 69 74 65 73 20 66 |ers' app|etites f|
|00001f50| 6f 72 20 6c 65 61 72 6e | 69 6e 67 2e 20 22 4b 69 |or learn|ing. "Ki|
|00001f60| 64 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 | 61 20 6c 6f 74 20 6f 66 |ds have |a lot of|
|00001f70| 20 6e 61 74 75 72 61 6c | 0d 0a 63 75 72 69 6f 73 | natural|..curios|
|00001f80| 69 74 79 2c 22 20 73 61 | 79 73 20 44 65 6e 69 73 |ity," sa|ys Denis|
|00001f90| 20 44 6f 79 6c 65 2c 20 | 61 20 73 65 6e 69 6f 72 | Doyle, |a senior|
|00001fa0| 20 66 65 6c 6c 6f 77 20 | 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 48 | fellow |at the H|
|00001fb0| 75 64 73 6f 6e 0d 0a 49 | 6e 73 74 69 74 75 74 65 |udson..I|nstitute|
|00001fc0| 2e 20 22 42 75 74 20 73 | 6f 6d 65 68 6f 77 20 69 |. "But s|omehow i|
|00001fd0| 74 20 67 65 74 73 20 73 | 71 75 65 6c 63 68 65 64 |t gets s|quelched|
|00001fe0| 2e 20 54 68 61 74 27 73 | 20 61 20 66 61 69 6c 75 |. That's| a failu|
|00001ff0| 72 65 20 6f 66 0d 0a 69 | 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 |re of..i|nstructi|
|00002000| 6f 6e 2e 22 0d 0a 0d 0a | 20 20 20 20 46 6f 72 20 |on."....|    For |
|00002010| 77 6f 6d 65 6e 20 61 6e | 64 20 6d 69 6e 6f 72 69 |women an|d minori|
|00002020| 74 69 65 73 2c 20 74 68 | 65 20 66 61 69 6c 75 72 |ties, th|e failur|
|00002030| 65 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 | 65 6e 20 61 63 75 74 65 |e has be|en acute|
|00002040| 2e 0d 0a 41 6c 74 68 6f | 75 67 68 20 66 65 6d 61 |...Altho|ugh fema|
|00002050| 6c 65 20 73 63 69 65 6e | 63 65 20 6d 61 6a 6f 72 |le scien|ce major|
|00002060| 73 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 | 65 6e 74 20 31 35 25 20 |s repres|ent 15% |
|00002070| 6f 66 20 75 6e 64 65 72 | 67 72 61 64 75 61 74 65 |of under|graduate|
|00002080| 73 0d 0a 6f 6e 20 55 2e | 53 2e 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 |s..on U.|S. colle|
|00002090| 67 65 20 63 61 6d 70 75 | 73 65 73 2c 20 77 6f 6d |ge campu|ses, wom|
|000020a0| 65 6e 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 | 69 74 75 74 65 20 6f 6e |en const|itute on|
|000020b0| 6c 79 20 31 31 25 20 6f | 66 20 61 6c 6c 0d 0a 65 |ly 11% o|f all..e|
|000020c0| 6d 70 6c 6f 79 65 64 20 | 73 63 69 65 6e 74 69 73 |mployed |scientis|
|000020d0| 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 65 | 6e 67 69 6e 65 65 72 73 |ts and e|ngineers|
|000020e0| 2e 20 4d 69 6e 6f 72 69 | 74 69 65 73 2c 20 65 73 |. Minori|ties, es|
|000020f0| 70 65 63 69 61 6c 6c 79 | 20 62 6c 61 63 6b 73 0d |pecially| blacks.|
|00002100| 0a 61 6e 64 20 48 69 73 | 70 61 6e 69 63 73 2c 20 |.and His|panics, |
|00002110| 61 72 65 20 6c 65 73 73 | 20 76 69 73 69 62 6c 65 |are less| visible|
|00002120| 2e 20 49 6e 20 31 39 38 | 37 20 62 6c 61 63 6b 73 |. In 198|7 blacks|
|00002130| 20 65 61 72 6e 65 64 20 | 6f 6e 6c 79 20 32 2e 36 | earned |only 2.6|
|00002140| 25 0d 0a 6f 66 20 74 68 | 65 20 62 61 63 68 65 6c |%..of th|e bachel|
|00002150| 6f 72 20 6f 66 20 73 63 | 69 65 6e 63 65 20 64 65 |or of sc|ience de|
|00002160| 67 72 65 65 73 20 61 77 | 61 72 64 65 64 20 69 6e |grees aw|arded in|
|00002170| 20 74 68 65 20 55 2e 53 | 2e 20 61 6e 64 20 31 2e | the U.S|. and 1.|
|00002180| 38 25 0d 0a 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 73 63 69 65 6e |8%..of t|he scien|
|00002190| 63 65 20 61 6e 64 20 65 | 6e 67 69 6e 65 65 72 69 |ce and e|ngineeri|
|000021a0| 6e 67 20 64 6f 63 74 6f | 72 61 74 65 73 3b 20 48 |ng docto|rates; H|
|000021b0| 69 73 70 61 6e 69 63 73 | 20 65 61 72 6e 65 64 20 |ispanics| earned |
|000021c0| 32 25 0d 0a 61 6e 64 20 | 31 25 2c 20 72 65 73 70 |2%..and |1%, resp|
|000021d0| 65 63 74 69 76 65 6c 79 | 2e 20 57 69 74 68 20 77 |ectively|. With w|
|000021e0| 68 69 74 65 20 6d 61 6c | 65 73 20 65 78 70 65 63 |hite mal|es expec|
|000021f0| 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 | 65 63 6f 6d 65 20 61 0d |ted to b|ecome a.|
|00002200| 0a 6d 69 6e 6f 72 69 74 | 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |.minorit|y of the|
|00002210| 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 66 6f | 72 63 65 20 62 79 20 74 | work fo|rce by t|
|00002220| 68 65 20 74 75 72 6e 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 |he turn |of the c|
|00002230| 65 6e 74 75 72 79 2c 20 | 6d 6f 72 65 0d 0a 77 6f |entury, |more..wo|
|00002240| 6d 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 | 6d 69 6e 6f 72 69 74 69 |men and |minoriti|
|00002250| 65 73 20 6d 75 73 74 20 | 62 65 20 70 65 72 73 75 |es must |be persu|
|00002260| 61 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 | 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 |aded to |enter th|
|00002270| 65 73 65 20 66 69 65 6c | 64 73 20 69 66 0d 0a 74 |ese fiel|ds if..t|
|00002280| 68 65 20 6e 61 74 69 6f | 6e 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 |he natio|n is to |
|00002290| 73 68 61 72 70 65 6e 20 | 69 74 73 20 63 6f 6d 70 |sharpen |its comp|
|000022a0| 65 74 69 74 69 76 65 20 | 65 64 67 65 2e 0d 0a 0d |etitive |edge....|
|000022b0| 0a 20 20 20 20 54 6f 6f | 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 2c 20 |.    Too| often, |
|000022c0| 68 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c | 20 77 6f 6d 65 6e 20 61 |however,| women a|
|000022d0| 72 65 20 64 69 73 63 6f | 75 72 61 67 65 64 20 66 |re disco|uraged f|
|000022e0| 72 6f 6d 20 70 75 72 73 | 75 69 6e 67 0d 0a 6d 61 |rom purs|uing..ma|
|000022f0| 74 68 20 61 6e 64 20 73 | 63 69 65 6e 63 65 20 62 |th and s|cience b|
|00002300| 65 66 6f 72 65 20 74 68 | 65 79 20 65 76 65 6e 20 |efore th|ey even |
|00002310| 64 69 73 73 65 63 74 20 | 74 68 65 69 72 20 66 69 |dissect |their fi|
|00002320| 72 73 74 20 66 72 6f 67 | 2e 0d 0a 4d 61 6e 79 20 |rst frog|...Many |
|00002330| 74 65 61 63 68 65 72 73 | 20 61 6e 64 20 70 61 72 |teachers| and par|
|00002340| 65 6e 74 73 20 74 65 6c | 6c 20 74 68 65 6d 2c 20 |ents tel|l them, |
|00002350| 69 6e 20 77 61 79 73 20 | 73 75 62 74 6c 65 20 6f |in ways |subtle o|
|00002360| 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 | 2c 0d 0a 74 68 61 74 20 |r direct|,..that |
|00002370| 74 68 65 79 20 73 69 6d | 70 6c 79 20 22 63 61 6e |they sim|ply "can|
|00002380| 27 74 20 64 6f 22 20 70 | 68 79 73 69 63 73 20 6f |'t do" p|hysics o|
|00002390| 72 20 63 61 6c 63 75 6c | 75 73 2e 20 57 6f 6d 65 |r calcul|us. Wome|
|000023a0| 6e 27 73 0d 0a 63 6f 6c | 6c 65 67 65 73 20 6f 66 |n's..col|leges of|
|000023b0| 66 65 72 20 61 20 73 74 | 72 69 6b 69 6e 67 20 65 |fer a st|riking e|
|000023c0| 78 63 65 70 74 69 6f 6e | 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69 73 |xception| to this|
|000023d0| 20 74 72 65 6e 64 2e 20 | 4e 65 61 72 6c 79 20 32 | trend. |Nearly 2|
|000023e0| 37 25 0d 0a 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 75 6e 64 65 72 |7%..of t|he under|
|000023f0| 67 72 61 64 75 61 74 65 | 73 20 61 74 20 53 6d 69 |graduate|s at Smi|
|00002400| 74 68 20 61 6e 64 20 33 | 30 25 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |th and 3|0% of th|
|00002410| 6f 73 65 20 61 74 20 42 | 72 79 6e 20 4d 61 77 72 |ose at B|ryn Mawr|
|00002420| 0d 0a 6d 61 6a 6f 72 20 | 69 6e 20 73 63 69 65 6e |..major |in scien|
|00002430| 63 65 2c 20 63 6f 6d 70 | 61 72 65 64 20 77 69 74 |ce, comp|ared wit|
|00002440| 68 20 44 61 72 74 6d 6f | 75 74 68 2c 20 77 68 65 |h Dartmo|uth, whe|
|00002450| 72 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 | 31 34 2e 32 25 20 6f 66 |re only |14.2% of|
|00002460| 0d 0a 74 68 65 20 77 6f | 6d 65 6e 20 65 6c 65 63 |..the wo|men elec|
|00002470| 74 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e | 63 65 6e 74 72 61 74 65 |t to con|centrate|
|00002480| 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 66 69 65 6c 64 2e 20 53 | in the |field. S|
|00002490| 6f 6d 65 20 63 6f 65 64 | 20 73 63 68 6f 6f 6c 73 |ome coed| schools|
|000024a0| 2c 0d 0a 68 6f 77 65 76 | 65 72 2c 20 61 72 65 20 |,..howev|er, are |
|000024b0| 61 63 74 69 76 65 6c 79 | 20 67 72 6f 6f 6d 69 6e |actively| groomin|
|000024c0| 67 20 66 65 6d 61 6c 65 | 20 73 63 69 65 6e 74 69 |g female| scienti|
|000024d0| 73 74 73 2e 20 4d 6f 72 | 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 33 |sts. Mor|e than 3|
|000024e0| 35 25 0d 0a 6f 66 20 4d | 2e 49 2e 54 2e 27 73 20 |5%..of M|.I.T.'s |
|000024f0| 66 72 65 73 68 6d 61 6e | 20 63 6c 61 73 73 20 69 |freshman| class i|
|00002500| 73 20 6e 6f 77 20 66 65 | 6d 61 6c 65 3b 20 61 74 |s now fe|male; at|
|00002510| 20 43 61 6c 20 54 65 63 | 68 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 | Cal Tec|h the fi|
|00002520| 67 75 72 65 0d 0a 69 73 | 20 33 30 25 2e 0d 0a 0d |gure..is| 30%....|
|00002530| 0a 20 20 20 20 4d 69 6e | 6f 72 69 74 69 65 73 2c |.    Min|orities,|
|00002540| 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 77 6f | 6d 65 6e 2c 20 61 72 65 | like wo|men, are|
|00002550| 20 68 61 6e 64 69 63 61 | 70 70 65 64 20 62 79 20 | handica|pped by |
|00002560| 6c 6f 77 0d 0a 65 78 70 | 65 63 74 61 74 69 6f 6e |low..exp|ectation|
|00002570| 73 2e 20 42 75 74 20 74 | 68 65 79 20 61 6c 73 6f |s. But t|hey also|
|00002580| 20 73 75 66 66 65 72 20 | 66 72 6f 6d 20 64 65 63 | suffer |from dec|
|00002590| 6c 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 66 | 65 64 65 72 61 6c 0d 0a |lining f|ederal..|
|000025a0| 73 74 75 64 65 6e 74 20 | 61 69 64 2c 20 61 20 73 |student |aid, a s|
|000025b0| 63 61 72 63 69 74 79 20 | 6f 66 20 6d 69 6e 6f 72 |carcity |of minor|
|000025c0| 69 74 79 20 66 61 63 75 | 6c 74 79 20 61 6e 64 20 |ity facu|lty and |
|000025d0| 69 6e 61 64 65 71 75 61 | 74 65 0d 0a 61 63 61 64 |inadequa|te..acad|
|000025e0| 65 6d 69 63 20 70 72 65 | 70 61 72 61 74 69 6f 6e |emic pre|paration|
|000025f0| 2e 20 49 6e 20 48 6f 75 | 73 74 6f 6e 2c 20 77 68 |. In Hou|ston, wh|
|00002600| 65 72 65 20 38 32 25 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 |ere 82% |of the p|
|00002610| 75 62 6c 69 63 2d 73 63 | 68 6f 6f 6c 0d 0a 73 74 |ublic-sc|hool..st|
|00002620| 75 64 65 6e 74 73 20 61 | 72 65 20 62 6c 61 63 6b |udents a|re black|
|00002630| 20 6f 72 20 48 69 73 70 | 61 6e 69 63 2c 20 42 61 | or Hisp|anic, Ba|
|00002640| 79 6c 6f 72 20 43 6f 6c | 6c 65 67 65 20 6f 66 20 |ylor Col|lege of |
|00002650| 4d 65 64 69 63 69 6e 65 | 20 68 61 73 0d 0a 77 6f |Medicine| has..wo|
|00002660| 72 6b 65 64 20 68 61 72 | 64 20 74 6f 20 62 6f 6c |rked har|d to bol|
|00002670| 73 74 65 72 20 65 61 72 | 6c 79 20 73 63 69 65 6e |ster ear|ly scien|
|00002680| 63 65 20 69 6e 73 74 72 | 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 |ce instr|uction. |
|00002690| 54 68 65 20 73 63 68 6f | 6f 6c 20 6e 6f 77 0d 0a |The scho|ol now..|
|000026a0| 6f 66 66 65 72 73 20 31 | 36 20 73 63 69 65 6e 63 |offers 1|6 scienc|
|000026b0| 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 | 6d 73 20 66 6f 72 20 74 |e progra|ms for t|
|000026c0| 65 61 63 68 65 72 73 20 | 61 6e 64 20 73 74 75 64 |eachers |and stud|
|000026d0| 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 49 74 | 20 61 6c 73 6f 0d 0a 68 |ents. It| also..h|
|000026e0| 65 6c 70 73 20 6f 70 65 | 72 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 |elps ope|rate the|
|000026f0| 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 72 79 | 27 73 20 66 69 72 73 74 | country|'s first|
|00002700| 20 63 6f 6d 70 72 65 68 | 65 6e 73 69 76 65 20 68 | compreh|ensive h|
|00002710| 69 67 68 20 73 63 68 6f | 6f 6c 20 66 6f 72 0d 0a |igh scho|ol for..|
|00002720| 68 65 61 6c 74 68 20 70 | 72 6f 66 65 73 73 69 6f |health p|rofessio|
|00002730| 6e 61 6c 73 2e 0d 0a 0d | 0a 20 20 20 20 42 61 79 |nals....|.    Bay|
|00002740| 6c 6f 72 27 73 20 70 72 | 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 |lor's pr|ograms, |
|00002750| 61 6e 64 20 68 75 6e 64 | 72 65 64 73 20 6c 69 6b |and hund|reds lik|
|00002760| 65 20 74 68 65 6d 20 61 | 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 74 68 |e them a|round th|
|00002770| 65 0d 0a 63 6f 75 6e 74 | 72 79 2c 20 67 69 76 65 |e..count|ry, give|
|00002780| 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6d 6f | 64 69 63 75 6d 20 6f 66 | some mo|dicum of|
|00002790| 20 68 6f 70 65 20 74 6f | 20 74 68 6f 73 65 20 77 | hope to| those w|
|000027a0| 68 6f 20 66 65 61 72 20 | 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 0d |ho fear |for the.|
|000027b0| 0a 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 27 | 73 20 73 63 69 65 6e 74 |.nation'|s scient|
|000027c0| 69 66 69 63 20 63 6f 6d | 70 65 74 69 74 69 76 65 |ific com|petitive|
|000027d0| 6e 65 73 73 2e 20 42 75 | 74 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 |ness. Bu|t there |
|000027e0| 61 72 65 20 6f 74 68 65 | 72 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e |are othe|r reason|
|000027f0| 73 0d 0a 66 6f 72 20 63 | 61 75 74 69 6f 75 73 20 |s..for c|autious |
|00002800| 6f 70 74 69 6d 69 73 6d | 2e 20 53 69 6e 63 65 20 |optimism|. Since |
|00002810| 31 39 38 30 2c 20 34 32 | 20 73 74 61 74 65 73 20 |1980, 42| states |
|00002820| 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 75 | 67 68 65 6e 65 64 0d 0a |have tou|ghened..|
|00002830| 6d 61 74 68 20 72 65 71 | 75 69 72 65 6d 65 6e 74 |math req|uirement|
|00002840| 73 20 66 6f 72 20 68 69 | 67 68 20 73 63 68 6f 6f |s for hi|gh schoo|
|00002850| 6c 20 67 72 61 64 75 61 | 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e |l gradua|tion, an|
|00002860| 64 20 33 36 20 73 74 61 | 74 65 73 20 68 61 76 65 |d 36 sta|tes have|
|00002870| 0d 0a 72 61 69 73 65 64 | 20 73 63 69 65 6e 63 65 |..raised| science|
|00002880| 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 | 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 41 | require|ments. A|
|00002890| 74 20 6c 65 61 73 74 20 | 74 77 65 6c 76 65 20 73 |t least |twelve s|
|000028a0| 74 61 74 65 73 20 68 61 | 76 65 0d 0a 65 73 74 61 |tates ha|ve..esta|
|000028b0| 62 6c 69 73 68 65 64 20 | 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 |blished |special |
|000028c0| 73 63 69 65 6e 63 65 20 | 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 74 68 |science |and math|
|000028d0| 20 73 63 68 6f 6f 6c 73 | 20 66 6f 72 20 67 69 66 | schools| for gif|
|000028e0| 74 65 64 0d 0a 73 74 75 | 64 65 6e 74 73 2e 0d 0a |ted..stu|dents...|
|000028f0| 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 57 61 | 73 68 69 6e 67 74 6f 6e |..    Wa|shington|
|00002900| 20 74 6f 6f 20 73 65 65 | 6d 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 | too see|ms to be|
|00002910| 20 67 65 74 74 69 6e 67 | 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 73 | getting| the mes|
|00002920| 73 61 67 65 2e 20 45 61 | 72 6c 69 65 72 0d 0a 74 |sage. Ea|rlier..t|
|00002930| 68 69 73 20 79 65 61 72 | 20 6c 61 77 6d 61 6b 65 |his year| lawmake|
|00002940| 72 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 48 6f 75 73 65 20 |rs in th|e House |
|00002950| 61 6e 64 20 53 65 6e 61 | 74 65 20 69 6e 74 72 6f |and Sena|te intro|
|00002960| 64 75 63 65 64 0d 0a 72 | 65 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f |duced..r|esolutio|
|00002970| 6e 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 69 | 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 61 |ns calli|ng for a|
|00002980| 20 68 69 67 68 20 70 72 | 69 6f 72 69 74 79 20 74 | high pr|iority t|
|00002990| 6f 20 62 65 20 70 6c 61 | 63 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 73 |o be pla|ced on s|
|000029a0| 63 69 65 6e 63 65 0d 0a | 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 74 68 |cience..|and math|
|000029b0| 20 65 64 75 63 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 2e 20 4c 61 74 65 | educati|on. Late|
|000029c0| 72 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d | 6f 6e 74 68 20 50 72 65 |r this m|onth Pre|
|000029d0| 73 69 64 65 6e 74 20 42 | 75 73 68 20 77 69 6c 6c |sident B|ush will|
|000029e0| 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 65 | 0d 0a 61 6e 20 22 65 64 | convene|..an "ed|
|000029f0| 75 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 | 73 75 6d 6d 69 74 2c 22 |ucation |summit,"|
|00002a00| 20 69 6e 74 65 6e 64 65 | 64 20 74 6f 20 6f 70 65 | intende|d to ope|
|00002a10| 6e 20 61 20 6e 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 61 6c 20 64 69 61 |n a nati|onal dia|
|00002a20| 6c 6f 67 75 65 20 6f 6e | 0d 0a 77 61 79 73 20 74 |logue on|..ways t|
|00002a30| 6f 20 69 6d 70 72 6f 76 | 65 20 65 64 75 63 61 74 |o improv|e educat|
|00002a40| 69 6f 6e 2e 20 53 63 69 | 65 6e 63 65 20 69 6e 73 |ion. Sci|ence ins|
|00002a50| 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e | 20 69 73 20 73 75 72 65 |truction| is sure|
|00002a60| 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 61 | 0d 0a 6d 61 6a 6f 72 20 | to be a|..major |
|00002a70| 74 6f 70 69 63 20 6f 66 | 20 64 69 73 63 75 73 73 |topic of| discuss|
|00002a80| 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a | 20 20 20 20 48 6f 77 65 |ion.....|    Howe|
|00002a90| 76 65 72 2c 20 73 75 63 | 68 20 74 6f 6b 65 6e 73 |ver, suc|h tokens|
|00002aa0| 20 6f 66 20 68 69 67 68 | 2d 6c 65 76 65 6c 20 63 | of high|-level c|
|00002ab0| 6f 6e 63 65 72 6e 20 77 | 69 6c 6c 20 6d 65 61 6e |oncern w|ill mean|
|00002ac0| 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 0d | 0a 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 | little.|.unless |
|00002ad0| 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 | 20 62 61 63 6b 65 64 20 |they are| backed |
|00002ae0| 75 70 20 77 69 74 68 20 | 63 6f 6e 63 72 65 74 65 |up with |concrete|
|00002af0| 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d | 73 20 61 6e 64 20 68 61 | program|s and ha|
|00002b00| 72 64 20 63 61 73 68 2e | 0d 0a 49 66 20 64 65 63 |rd cash.|..If dec|
|00002b10| 69 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 | 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 6d |isions a|re not m|
|00002b20| 61 64 65 20 73 6f 6f 6e | 20 74 6f 20 72 65 70 6c |ade soon| to repl|
|00002b30| 65 6e 69 73 68 20 74 68 | 65 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 72 |enish th|e countr|
|00002b40| 79 27 73 0d 0a 73 63 69 | 65 6e 74 69 66 69 63 20 |y's..sci|entific |
|00002b50| 73 74 6f 63 6b 2c 20 41 | 6d 65 72 69 63 61 20 6d |stock, A|merica m|
|00002b60| 61 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 64 | 61 79 20 66 69 6e 64 20 |ay one d|ay find |
|00002b70| 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 | 69 73 20 61 20 63 61 62 |that it |is a cab|
|00002b80| 6f 6f 73 65 0d 0a 62 65 | 69 6e 67 20 70 75 6c 6c |oose..be|ing pull|
|00002b90| 65 64 20 62 65 68 69 6e | 64 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 74 |ed behin|d an int|
|00002ba0| 65 72 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e | 61 6c 20 65 63 6f 6e 6f |ernation|al econo|
|00002bb0| 6d 79 20 6c 65 64 20 62 | 79 20 73 75 63 68 0d 0a |my led b|y such..|
|00002bc0| 63 6f 75 6e 74 72 69 65 | 73 20 61 73 20 4a 61 70 |countrie|s as Jap|
|00002bd0| 61 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 57 | 65 73 74 20 47 65 72 6d |an and W|est Germ|
|00002be0| 61 6e 79 2e 20 22 53 63 | 69 65 6e 63 65 20 61 6e |any. "Sc|ience an|
|00002bf0| 64 20 6d 61 74 68 20 61 | 72 65 20 74 68 65 0d 0a |d math a|re the..|
|00002c00| 73 75 62 73 74 61 6e 63 | 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 |substanc|e of thi|
|00002c10| 73 20 61 67 65 2c 20 6a | 75 73 74 20 61 73 20 65 |s age, j|ust as e|
|00002c20| 78 70 6c 6f 72 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 77 |xplorati|on and w|
|00002c30| 61 72 66 61 72 65 20 77 | 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 0d |arfare w|ere the.|
|00002c40| 0a 73 75 62 73 74 61 6e | 63 65 20 6f 66 20 6f 74 |.substan|ce of ot|
|00002c50| 68 65 72 20 61 67 65 73 | 2c 22 20 73 61 79 73 20 |her ages|," says |
|00002c60| 57 69 6c 6c 69 61 6d 20 | 42 61 6b 65 72 2c 20 66 |William |Baker, f|
|00002c70| 6f 72 6d 65 72 20 63 68 | 61 69 72 6d 61 6e 0d 0a |ormer ch|airman..|
|00002c80| 6f 66 20 41 54 26 54 20 | 42 65 6c 6c 20 54 65 6c |of AT&T |Bell Tel|
|00002c90| 65 70 68 6f 6e 65 20 4c | 61 62 6f 72 61 74 6f 72 |ephone L|aborator|
|00002ca0| 69 65 73 2e 20 22 53 63 | 69 65 6e 63 65 20 69 73 |ies. "Sc|ience is|
|00002cb0| 20 74 68 65 20 77 61 79 | 20 74 6f 0d 0a 70 72 65 | the way| to..pre|
|00002cc0| 70 61 72 65 20 41 6d 65 | 72 69 63 61 6e 73 20 66 |pare Ame|ricans f|
|00002cd0| 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 32 | 31 73 74 20 63 65 6e 74 |or the 2|1st cent|
|00002ce0| 75 72 79 2e 22 0d 0a 0d | 0a 0d 0a 2d 2d 20 42 61 |ury."...|...-- Ba|
|00002cf0| 72 62 61 72 61 20 44 6f | 6c 61 6e 2f 43 68 69 63 |rbara Do|lan/Chic|
|00002d00| 61 67 6f 0d 0a 0d 0a    |                         |ago.... |        |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+